The brain adapts to drug use over time from "summary" of Drugs, Addiction, and the Brain by George F. Koob,Michael A. Arends,Michel Le Moal
As drug use continues, the brain undergoes adaptations that can fundamentally change its structure and function. These adaptations are a result of the brain's natural ability to adjust to its environment and maintain a state of balance, or homeostasis. When drugs are introduced into the system, they disrupt this delicate balance and trigger a series of compensatory changes in the brain. Over time, these adaptations can lead to tolerance, where higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve the same effects. This occurs because the brain becomes less responsive to the drug's effects and requires larger amounts to produce the desired response. In addition to tolerance, the brain may also develop sensitization, where smaller doses of the drug produce a stronger reaction. These opposing adaptations can further complicate the cycle of drug use and addiction. In response to chronic drug use, the brain may also undergo structural changes that affect its ability to function normally. For example, repeated exposure to certain drugs can alter the connections between neurons, leading to changes in neurotransmitter release and receptor sensitivity. These changes can disrupt communication within the brain and interfere with essential functions such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation.- Cognition, and overall mental health. These changes can contribute to the development of addiction, a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. Understanding how the brain adapts to drug use is crucial for developing effective treatments and interventions for addiction. By targeting the underlying neural mechanisms of addiction, researchers and healthcare providers can help individuals recover and regain control over their lives.
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