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Robustness arises from redundancy in system components from "summary" of Complexity by Mitchell M. Waldrop

In the world of complex systems, robustness is a highly desirable quality. It refers to the ability of a system to withstand perturbations and disruptions without completely breaking down. One key factor that contributes to robustness is redundancy in system components - having multiple elements that can perform the same function. Redundancy provides a system with backup options in case one component fails. By distributing the workload across multiple components, the system becomes less vulnerable to failures in any single part. This redundancy allows the system to continue functioning even when faced with unexpected challeng...
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    Complexity

    Mitchell M. Waldrop

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