Collective behavior emerges from interactions among agents from "summary" of Complexity by Mitchell M. Waldrop
The concept of collective behavior emerging from interactions among agents is at the heart of understanding complex systems. When individual agents interact with one another, they give rise to patterns and phenomena that cannot be predicted by looking at each agent in isolation. This is because the interactions among agents lead to emergent properties that are not present at the level of the individual. In complex systems, simplicity gives way to complexity as agents interact with one another. This complexity arises from the non-linear relationships among agents, where small changes in one part of the system can lead to large-scale effects elsewhere. As a result, the behavior of the system as a whole cannot be understood by simply studying the behavior of each individual agent. The interactions among agents in a complex system can lead to self-organization, where patterns emerge spontaneously without any central control. This self-organization is a hallmark of co...
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