Functional groups in drug molecules from "summary" of Chemistry for Pharmacy Students by Lutfun Nahar,Professor Satyajit D. Sarker
Functional groups in drug molecules play a crucial role in determining the pharmacological properties of a drug. These groups are specific arrangements of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for the molecule's chemical reactivity and interactions with other molecules in the body. By understanding the functional groups present in a drug molecule, pharmacists can predict how the drug will behave in the body and how it will interact with various biological targets. Functional groups can be classified into different categories based on their chemical properties. For example, polar functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (-NH2) groups are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with other molecules, which can influence the solubility and distribution of a drug in the body. On the other hand, nonpolar functional groups such as alkyl (-CH3) and aromatic (-C6H5) groups are hydrophobic and can interact with lipophilic regions in biological targets. In addition to determining the physicochemical properties of a drug, functional groups can also affect the drug's pharmacological activity. For example, the presence of a carboxyl (-COOH) group in a drug molecule can confer acidic properties and influence its binding to specific receptors or enzymes in the body. Similarly, the presence of an amine (-NH2) group can impart basic properties to a drug molecule and affect its interaction with biological targets. Furthermore, functional groups can also affect the metabolism and elimination of a drug from the body. For instance, the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group in a drug molecule can make it susceptible to phase II metabolism reactions, such as glucuronidation or sulfation, leading to the formation of more water-soluble metabolites that are easily excreted from the body.- Understanding the role of functional groups in drug molecules is essential for pharmacists to predict the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug, optimize its therapeutic efficacy, and minimize its adverse effects. By analyzing the functional groups present in a drug molecule, pharmacists can make informed decisions about drug design, formulation, and dosing regimens to ensure safe and effective use of medications in clinical practice.
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