Plant and animal interactions from "summary" of Biology by Neil A. Campbell
Plants and animals interact in a variety of ways in nature. These interactions can be beneficial, such as when animals pollinate flowers or disperse seeds. For example, bees gather nectar and pollen from flowers as a food source, while inadvertently transferring pollen from one flower to another, aiding in the process of pollination. Similarly, animals such as birds or mammals may consume fruits and then disperse the seeds through their feces, helping the plant to colonize new areas. On the other hand, some plant-animal interactions can be detrimental. For instance, herbivores may consume plant tissues, potentially limiting the plant's growth and reproduction. In response, plants have evolved various defense mechanisms to deter herbivores, such as producing toxic compounds or thorns. In turn, herbivores have developed strategies to overcome these defenses, such as detoxifying the plant's toxins or evo...
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