Bones of upper limbs from "summary" of Bd Chaurasia's Human Anatomy, Volume 1 by B. D. Chaurasia
The upper limb consists of thirty bones divided into three groups: the bones of the shoulder, the bones of the arm, and the bones of the forearm and hand. The bones of the shoulder include the clavicle and scapula, which together form the shoulder girdle. The clavicle, or collarbone, is an S-shaped bone that connects the arm to the body. The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the thorax. The bones of the arm include the humerus, which is the largest bone in the upper limb. The humerus extends from the shoulder to the elbow and articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The humerus has a round head that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the shoulder joint. The humerus also has two prominent processes: the greater and lesser tubercles, which serve as attachment sites for muscles. The bones of the forearm include the radius and ulna, which run parallel to each other. The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm and articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint. The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm and is longer than the radius. The ulna articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint and with the radius at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints. The bones of the hand consist of the carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges. The carpal bones are eight small bones arranged in two rows that form the wrist. The metacarpal bones are five long bones that form the palm of the hand. The phalanges are fourteen small bones that form the fingers of the hand. The thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal), while the other fingers have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal).- The bones of the upper limb work together to provide structure and support, as well as facilitate movement and dexterity. Each bone has unique characteristics and functions that contribute to the overall function of the upper limb.
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