Bones of thorax from "summary" of Bd Chaurasia's Human Anatomy, Volume 1 by B. D. Chaurasia
The thorax is the part of the body between the neck and abdomen. It is protected by the thoracic cage, which consists mainly of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. The sternum, commonly known as the breastbone, is a flat bone located in the middle of the anterior thoracic wall. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs are long, curved bones that form the lateral and anterior walls of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs, each of which attaches to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and the sternum anteriorly. The first seven pairs of ribs are known as true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum via their costal cartilages. The next three pairs are called false ribs because they do not attach directly to the sternum. The last two pairs of ribs, known as floating ribs, do not attach to the sternum at all. The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae that make up the upper and middle sections of the vertebral column. They are larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae but smaller than the lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic cage provides protection for the heart, lungs, and other vital organs in the thorax. It also supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs. In addition to protection and support, the thoracic cage is also involved in breathing. When we inhale, the ribs move upward and outward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing the lungs to expand. When we exhale, the ribs move downward and inward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.
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