The properties of materials are determined by the atomic structure and bonding from "summary" of Atoms Under the Floorboards by Chris Woodford
The way atoms bond together in a material ultimately determines its properties. Let's start by looking at the atomic structure. Atoms are made up of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. These electrons are arranged in shells or orbitals around the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element the atom belongs to. Now, let's delve into bonding. Atoms can bond together through various mechanisms to form molecules or crystal structures. The type of bond formed greatly influences the material's properties. For example, in ionic bonding, atoms transfer electrons to achieve a full outer shell, resulting in the formation of ions. This leads to strong electrostatic forces holding the ions together, producing materials with high melting p...
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