Two principles from "summary" of A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition by John Rawls,Professor John Rawls
The two principles of justice are proposed as an alternative to utilitarian or perfectionist conceptions of justice. The first principle states that each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. This principle ensures that individuals have the freedom to pursue their own conception of the good without interference from others, as long as they do not violate the same liberty of others. The second principle consists of two parts. The first part is the principle of fair equality of opportunity, which ensures that individuals have an equal chance to attain positions and offices regardless of their social or economic background. This principle aims to level the playing field and eliminate arbitrary advantages or disadvantages that individuals may have due to factors beyond their control. The second part of the second principle is the difference principle, which states that social and economic inequalities are permissible only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. This principle is based on the idea that inequalities in wealth and income are only justified if they work to the advantage of those who are worst off. These two principles are meant to guide the basic structure of society and ensure that all individuals have a fair and equal chance to pursue their own conception of the good. By prioritizing basic liberties, fair equality of opportunity, and the well-being of the least advantaged, these principles aim to create a just society where individuals can live flourishing and meaningful lives.
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