Rise of civilizations marked by agricultural revolution from "summary" of A Short History of the World . by H. G. Wells
The rise of civilizations is a process that can be traced back to the agricultural revolution. This pivotal moment in human history marked the transition from a society of hunter-gatherers to one based on settled agriculture. With the ability to cultivate crops and raise animals, early humans were able to produce a surplus of food, which in turn allowed for the development of larger, more complex societies. As communities grew and prospered, they began to form the foundations of what we now recognize as early civilizations. The ability to produce food in abundance led to the rise of permanent settlements, where people could live and work together in close proximity. This proximity fostered social interactions and the exchange of ideas, which in turn fueled innovation and technological advancement. The agricultural revolution also had profound effects on social organization. As societies became more complex, they developed hierarchical structures with specialized roles and responsibilities. This division of labor allowed for the efficient production and distribution of goods, as well as the development of institutions such as government and religion. Furthermore, the surplus of food produced through agriculture enabled populations to grow rapidly. This population growth created new challenges and opportunities for civilizations, such as the need for infrastructure, trade networks, and defenses. As societies expanded and interacted with one another, they exchanged goods, ideas, and technologies, leading to further cultural exchange and the spread of civilization across regions. In summary, the agricultural revolution was a transformative period in human history that marked the rise of civilizations. Through the ability to produce food in abundance, early societies were able to settle in one place, develop social hierarchies, and foster innovation and cultural exchange. This period laid the foundation for the complex societies and civilizations that would shape the course of human history.
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