Sufism was an important spiritual tradition in Islamic societies from "summary" of A History of Islamic Societies by Ira M. Lapidus
Sufism emerged as a significant spiritual tradition within Islamic societies, offering a unique approach to understanding and experiencing the divine. This mystical tradition emphasized the inner spiritual journey towards God, transcending the external rituals and legalistic aspects of Islam. Sufis sought to cultivate a personal connection with the divine through practices such as meditation, chanting, and ecstatic rituals.
One of the key beliefs of Sufism was the concept of unity with God, known as Tawhid. Sufis believed that through spiritual purification and self-discipline, they could achieve a state of oneness with the divine. This union with God was seen as the ultimate goal of human existence, transcending the limitations of the material world.
Sufism also placed a strong...
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