Early Islamic societies developed complex political structures from "summary" of A History of Islamic Societies by Ira M. Lapidus
The early Islamic societies in the Middle East and North Africa developed intricate political structures that played a crucial role in governing these vast territories. These political systems were characterized by a combination of centralized authority and decentralized administration. At the top of the political hierarchy was the caliph, who was both a political and religious leader. The caliph was seen as the successor to the Prophet Muhammad and held significant power over the state and the Muslim community. Beneath the caliph were various levels of government officials, bureaucrats, and advisors who helped in the administration of the state. The caliphate was divided into provinces, each governed by a governor appointed by the caliph. These governors were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing the implementation of state policies in their respective regions. The early Islamic societies also developed a sophisticated legal system based on Islamic law, or Sharia. Sharia served...
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