The caste system played a significant role in Indian society from "summary" of A History of India by Romila Thapar
The caste system, an institution deeply rooted in Indian society, has had a profound impact on various aspects of life in the subcontinent. Originating from ancient texts such as the Rig Veda, the caste system was initially conceptualized as a division of labor based on one's varna, or occupation. Over time, this system evolved into a complex social hierarchy that determined not only one's occupation but also social status, interactions, and opportunities. Each caste was assigned specific duties and responsibilities, with the Brahmins at the top as priests and scholars, followed by the Kshatriyas as warriors and rulers, Vaishyas as traders and farmers, and Shudras as laborers and service providers. Below these varnas were the Dalits, or untouchables, who were considered so impure that they were excluded from the caste system altogether. This rigid hierarchy was not only based on occupation but also on birth, with little to no social mobility between castes. The caste system permeated all aspects of Indian society, from marriage and social interactions to religious practices and politics. Inter-caste marriages were frowned upon, and individuals were expected to adhere to the customs and traditions of their caste. Discrimination against lower castes, particularly the Dalits, was widespread, with practices such as untouchability and segregation being common. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, such as by social reformers like Jyotirao Phule and B. R. Ambedkar, its influence remains deeply ingrained in Indian society. Even today, caste-based discrimination and inequalities persist, particularly in rural areas where traditional customs are still upheld. The caste system continues to shape social relationships, economic opportunities, and political dynamics in India, making it a significant factor in understanding the country's social fabric and history.
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