Buddhism and Jainism emerged as important religious movements from "summary" of A History of India by Romila Thapar
The emergence of Buddhism and Jainism marked significant developments in the religious landscape of ancient India. These two religious movements gained prominence during a time of social and religious change, offering alternative philosophies and practices to the prevalent Vedic traditions. The teachings of the Buddha and Mahavira challenged existing beliefs and practices, attracting followers from different social strata. Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasized the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to achieve enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth. The Buddha's teachings resonated with many individuals seeking spiritual guidance and a way to alleviate suffering in their lives. Over time, Buddhism spread across India and beyond, establishing monastic communities and influencing various aspects of society. Jainism, on the other hand, was founded by Mahavira and emphasized non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness, non-possessiveness, and asceticism. Jain teachings emphasized the importance of self-discipline and renunciation of worldly desires to attain spiritual purity and liberation from the cycle of karma. Jain monks and nuns led austere lives, adhering to strict ethical principles and engaging in practices aimed at purifying the soul. Both Buddhism and Jainism attracted a diverse following, including merchants, artisans, and members of the lower social orders who found solace in the egalitarian principles and ethical teachings of these traditions. The emergence of these religious movements also contributed to the spread of new ideas and cultural exchanges within India and beyond. As Buddhism and Jainism gained popularity, they influenced art, architecture, literature, and social practices, leaving a lasting impact on Indian civilization.- The emergence of Buddhism and Jainism as important religious movements in ancient India reflected the changing religious and social dynamics of the time. These two traditions offered alternative paths to spiritual fulfillment and liberation, appealing to individuals from various backgrounds and contributing to the diversity of religious practices in the region. The teachings of the Buddha and Mahavira continue to inspire followers around the world, highlighting the enduring legacy of these ancient Indian religious movements.
