Hawking radiation can escape black holes from "summary" of A Brief History of Time by Stephen W. Hawking
The idea that black holes can emit radiation was first put forward by Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking. They showed that when quantum effects are taken into account, black holes are not completely black, but can emit radiation and particles. This radiation is now known as Hawking radiation. According to quantum mechanics, pairs of particles and antiparticles are constantly being created out of nothing near the event horizon of a black hole. Normally, these particles would quickly annihilate each other. However, if one of the pair falls into the black hole while the other escapes, it appears as though the black hole has emitted a particle. The particle that escapes takes energy away from the black hole, causing it to lose mass. This process continues until the black hole eventually evaporates completely. The smaller the black hole, the faster it emits Hawking radiation and the quicker it evaporates. For large black holes, the radiation is extremely faint and difficult to detect. Hawking radiation has profound implications for our understanding of black holes and the nature of the universe. It suggests that black holes are not eternal, as previously thought, but can slowly evaporate over time. This has led to new questions and challenges in theoretical physics, and has sparked further research into the nature of space, time, and gravity. While the concept of Hawking radiation escaping black holes may seem counterintuitive, it is a fascinating example of how quantum mechanics and general relativity can interact in extreme conditions. It forces us to rethink our assumptions about the behavior of black holes and opens up new possibilities for exploring the fundamental nature of the cosmos.
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