IndoPak wars and conflicts from "summary" of A Brief History of Modern India by Rajiv Ahir
The IndoPak wars and conflicts have been a significant aspect of the history between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. The first IndoPak war took place in 1947-48 over the region of Jammu and Kashmir, a territory both countries claimed as their own. This war resulted in the division of the region, with Pakistan gaining control over one-third of Kashmir, while the rest remained with India. The second IndoPak war occurred in 1965, mainly over the Kashmir issue. The conflict started with Pakistan launching Operation Gibraltar, sending infiltrators into Indian-administered Kashmir to incite a rebellion against Indian rule. This led to a full-scale war between the two countries, with heavy casualties on both sides. The war ended with a ceasefire and the signing of the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. The third major conflict between India and Pakistan took place in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war began with the Pakistani army cracking down on the Bengali population in East Pakistan, leading to a mass exodus of refugees into India. India intervened in support of the Bangladesh independence movement, leading to a full-scale war with Pakistan. The conflict culminated in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation. Subsequent conflicts between India and Pakistan have been mainly focused on the Kashmir issue, with both countries engaging in border skirmishes and occasional cross-border attacks. The Kargil War of 1999 was a significant conflict in this regard, where Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated into Indian territory in Kargil, leading to intense fighting between the two sides. The conflict ended with India reclaiming the occupied territory. The IndoPak wars and conflicts have had far-reaching consequences for both countries, leading to loss of lives, displacement of populations, and strained diplomatic relations. The unresolved Kashmir issue remains a major point of contention between India and Pakistan, continuing to fuel tensions and occasional outbreaks of violence. The history of IndoPak wars and conflicts serves as a reminder of the complex and volatile nature of the relationship between the two neighboring countries.
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