Emergence of Indian nationalism from "summary" of A Brief History of Modern India by Rajiv Ahir
The emergence of Indian nationalism was a significant development in the history of modern India. It marked a turning point in the struggle against British colonial rule and laid the foundation for the country's eventual independence. Nationalism in India was a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that arose as a response to various political, social, and economic factors. It was fueled by a sense of cultural pride and a desire for self-determination, as well as by growing discontent with British policies and exploitation. The Indian National Congress played a crucial role in the growth of Indian nationalism. Founded in 1885, the Congress initially served as a platform for educated Indians to voice their grievances and seek reforms within the colonial system. Over time, however, it evolved into a powerful political force that championed the cause of Indian independence. The early nationalist movement in India was characterized by a diversity of approaches and ideologies. While some leaders advocated for peaceful protest and dialogue with the British, others espoused more radical tactics, such as boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience. Despite their differences, these leaders shared a common goal of ending British rule and establishing a sovereign Indian nation. The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a key event that galvanized Indian nationalism and united people across religious and regional lines. The Swadeshi movement that followed saw Indians boycotting British goods and promoting indigenous industries, fostering a sense of economic self-sufficiency and national pride. The impact of World War I further fueled nationalist sentiments in India. The British government's failure to fulfill its promises of greater self-government and representation for Indians led to widespread disillusionment and a surge in anti-colonial activities. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, while a step towards limited self-government, fell short of Indian aspirations for complete independence. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, in which British troops opened fire on unarmed civilians in Amritsar, further inflamed nationalist sentiments and solidified Indian resolve to break free from colonial rule. The incident sparked widespread outrage and condemnation, both within India and internationally, and served as a rallying cry for the independence movement.
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